Geographic context, political and economic attributes and identify and Research Paper

Geographic setting, political and monetary characteristics and distinguish and look at the powers that guide Australia into the worldwide ec - Research Paper Example The majority of the work in the nation happens in the capital urban communities of the states. In addition, the Australian Securities Exchange is positioned ninth on the planet and it goes about as the home of the biggest product organizations on the planet, for example, Commonwealth Bank, Westpac Telstra and BHP Billiton. The nation is likewise an individual from WTO, G20, APEC and OECD. Also, globalization has permitted the nation to go into organized commerce concurrences with nations, for example, Thailand, US, Chile, New Zealand and ASEAN (Lowtax). Hence, the advances that have been seen in the worldwide economy have added to improved expectations for everyday comforts and neediness decrease. Additionally, the monetary mix among nations has assumed an essential job as far as boosting the flourishing of countries. For instance, the advances that have been seen in the worldwide economy have permitted Australia to expand its residential rivalry in this manner improving its monetary presentation altogether. In addition, Australia is serious globally since it is viewed as one of the biggest shipper of products and ventures (Economy Watch). In this way, this paper will examine the topographical, monetary and political properties that have permitted Australia to take part in the worldwide economy viably. ... The nation has differed climatic conditions, unfathomable natural life, sea shores and marvelous scenes which fill in as vacationer goal destinations for individuals who visit from assorted nations around the globe. It has a low level which are either deserts or semi-dry regions. It additionally has a prolific level in the south-east district. Additionally, it has huge stores of minerals which administration the nearby and worldwide markets. The mining business fills in as the fundamental main impetus of the economy (Beer). Along these lines, the geological setting of Australia assumes an essential job as far as encouraging the investment of Australia in the worldwide economy. Political ascribes Though Australia gives off an impression of being separated, it is a functioning member in world governmental issues. The political connections of Australia are for the most part preferred by its geological area just as the needs that its sets concerning exchange and international strategies. For instance, Australia apparently is confronting difficulties sooner rather than later. For this situation, it is expected that the presentation of the worldwide economy may fall apart. Australia likewise assumes a fundamental job by affecting on the patterns that are being acknowledged in the global business condition. For instance, the international strategies in Australia sway on globalization and the exchanges that are done universally (Red Apple Education Ltd). The need regions of Australia incorporate the US and Asia-Pacific nations, for example, China and Japan. Australia is connected with different nations politically as a result of the reasonability of its worldwide settlements, venture understandings, remote undertakings, exchange understandings and safeguard bargains. In this way, it is obvious that Australia is a significant player with respect to affecting the way wherein universal business exercises are

Quality Control

An ever increasing number of organizations are thinking that its important to accomplish top notch, ND think of it as a significant procedure objective. This article means to clarify how organizations control their associations to create great items through cases in two totally various divisions, independently administration and assembling businesses. It looks at unmistakable technique to improve quality in two organization Toyota and American aircraft. Writing Review Quality Is a regularly utilized idea yet such a perplexing term. Numerous scholastic explores have been led to enable us to comprehend what Is quality.From promoting's point of view, it is about how to fulfill client desires to the welcome degree ( Crooning 1994). Different financial aspects and mechanical association specialists see quality as far as vertical item separation among plan and execution. ( Mayer,C 1 971 ), though the board scientists study quality as far as hierarchical procedures, for example, quality cir cles and all out quality administration (Powell,T 1995). Those definitions give an extensive comprehension of this idea. To endeavor to arrive at great, organizations screen the procedure of creation. These effectively can be characterized as quality control (SQ).As Mayer (1971) stated, the term control add the significance of endeavors to Insure that the structure was actualized by the arrangement. As it were, it is a precise procedure through which the objectives and measures are set and afterward moves are made to address deviations from genuine execution. There are four stages in the control procedure as indicated by R. Asinine (1991) ,to be specific build up norms, measure genuine execution, contrast execution with principles and make restorative move. Right off the bat, building up guidelines decisively gives a manual for laborers and supervisors with the goal that they can decide if the item or administration Is on target.Secondly, organizations create different quality under standings which can be seen In a period,for month to month. Thirdly, contrasting execution with measures implies relating gathered information and reports from genuine exercises to the objective. At the point when execution Is Inconsistent with the norms, asking approach ought to be taken and reasons for the issue risking work exercises so as to take them back to satisfactory execution guidelines. While executing the four stages above, quality control can concentrate on occasions previously, during,or after the creation procedure. Quality Control An ever increasing number of organizations are thinking that its important to accomplish top notch, ND think of it as a significant system objective. This paper expects to clarify how organizations control their associations to create top notch items through cases in two totally various divisions, independently administration and assembling enterprises. It looks at particular strategy to improve quality in two organization Toyota and American aircraft. Writing Review Quality Is a frequently utilized idea however yet such an unpredictable term. Numerous scholarly explores have been led to enable us to comprehend what Is quality.From showcasing's viewpoint, it is about how to fulfill client desires to the welcome degree ( Crooning 1994). Different financial matters and mechanical association scientists see quality regarding vertical item separation among plan and execution. ( Mayer,C 1 971 ), though the board scientists study quality regarding hierarchical procedures, for example, qual ity circles and absolute quality administration (Powell,T 1995). Those definitions give an exhaustive comprehension of this idea. To endeavor to arrive at top notch, organizations screen the procedure of creation. These effectively can be characterized as quality control (SQ).As Mayer (1971) stated, the term control add the significance of endeavors to Insure that the structure was actualized by the arrangement. As it were, it is an orderly procedure through which the objectives and measures are set and afterward moves are made to address deviations from real execution. There are four stages in the control procedure as per R. Foolish (1991) ,in particular set up principles, measure genuine execution, contrast execution with gauges and make remedial move. Right off the bat, setting up measures decisively gives a manual for laborers and chiefs with the goal that they can decide if the item or administration Is on target.Secondly, organizations create different quality understandings w hich can be seen In a period,for month to month. Thirdly, contrasting execution with norms implies relating gathered information and reports from real exercises to the objective. At the point when execution Is Inconsistent with the guidelines, asking approach ought to be taken and reasons for the issue risking work exercises so as to take them back to adequate execution gauges. While executing the four stages above, quality control can concentrate on occasions previously, during,or after the creation procedure.

Misconceptions of Buddhism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Misinterpretations of Buddhism - Research Paper Example With regards to religions, individuals are frequently guided by confusions and wrong convictions. The manner by which everyone comprehends and appreciates strict writings and customs prompts the development of every one of these misguided judgments. For a long time, Buddhism has endured various confusions with respect to its customs, convictions and practices. Among the confusions incorporate the three different ways of life, practices and convictions (Nielsen, 2004). 2.0 Misconceptions of Buddhism. Buddhism is named to be an agnostic religion that includes love of numerous divine beings as opposed to one acknowledged Christian God. There is additionally a misguided judgment that Buddhists put stock in resurrection. It is named that all Buddhists invite enduring in their lives; they accept that when one endures or is poor, at that point she/he is viewed as a genuine Buddhist. All Buddhists on the planet are to wear robes as a major aspect of their attire. This is a misguided judgment . Another misguided judgment about Buddhism is that Buddhists must persevere through tiresome contemplations in all their years. Lion's share of individuals see that when Buddhist devoted set up their hands and bow their heads they are appealing to God for a favorable luck to go to their lives. It is expressed that in America, individuals from ‘shin Buddhism’ are just Japanese and if not it is for Japanese-American residents just (Tudge, 2002). Another misinterpretation is a reflection on the presence of a Buddhist, where a Buddha, is accepted to be a Chinese priest who is a hefty person, and are consistently uncovered (shaving their heads totally), leaving no indication of any hair on their heads). All Buddhists on the planet are supposed to be vegans, accepting just vegetables as a major aspect of their weight control plans. One of the wide misguided judgments about Buddhism among the Buddhists is that every one of them reflect all the more frequently and consistently , and they do as such while sitting in full lotus. The Buddhists accept that all streets lead to a similar peaks - yet Buddhism is named as the away from to the highest point of the mountain (Nielsen, 2004). Greater part of individuals think and accept that Buddhists live in religious communities as either priests or laypeople who are detached from the remainder of the individuals. It is accepted that one must be a priest or a lay sister to get edified. From the abnormal practices, convictions and dressing, a misguided judgment has been raised that Buddhists are Idol admirers. The regard that they give Dalai Lama prompts misguided judgment that Dalai Lama is the head of Buddhism. The social and connection among people and Buddhists have prompted a misguided judgment that Buddhism is a critical religion, a deception made, and Buddhist conduct is an appalling one; genuine people who don’t wear any sort of make-up, and by and large they don't recreation by any stretch of the ima gination. The Buddhism religion is named as one that is exhausting and unbending that doesn't permit its dedicated to want any sort of natural thing, for example, participating in sports. The last confusion is that Buddhism is a reorganization or redesign of Hinduism (Tudge, 2002). 3.0 Reasons for and against misguided judgments of Buddhism is certainly not an agnostic religion since Buddhists don’t concern themselves about God or divine beings; they put their interests on ‘Dharma’ who isn't a divine being or divine beings however reality or reality. Their confidence in resurrection is valid as most of the organizations in Buddhism have faith in rebirth similarly Christians do in God. The confusions of the Buddhism of

Discuss the problems created by high stakes testing, and give testing Essay

Talk about the issues made by high stakes testing, and give testing options - Essay Example These discussions achieve the idea that individuals, understudies specifically, are not being tried with the information that they really know, thusly being reviewed unjustifiably. Perhaps the greatest debate over high-stakes testing is that the makers of the tests appear to be under the outlook that each understudy sitting the test has had the equivalent instructive experience. For instance, the test may go on about a particular book, yet is done as such without the idea that maybe only one out of every odd understudy has perused that book. Most of high-stakes testing are shaped with the presumption that everyone ought to have a similar information when, actually, few out of every odd school, or each educator, follows a similar educational program as the remainder of them. Moreover, understudies might not have the information through no issue of their own. Few out of every odd understudy is given an equivalent chance to gain proficiency with the material that will be available on the test. Another issue that can go inseparably with the recently referenced issue is that high-stakes testing doesn't effectively gauge the information or abilities of the person. The tests will in general spotlight on explicit subjects, for example, as previously mentioned, a particular book while professing to perceive how well an understudy has had the option to get a handle on English. Rather than concentrating on a more extensive subject that numerous understudies may have taken in, the makers of these tests appear to need to concentrate more on smaller subjects that there is a decent possibility that couple of understudies have learned. While the understudy may comprehend the ideas, they can't utilize this new book to assist them with illuminating the appropriate responses. These tests appear to gauge more what somebody doesn't know instead of what they do. A third dispute with respect to high-stakes testing is that these tests are appended to faulty prizes, for example, secondary school certificates. As recently referenced, it isn't generally the situation where the understudies are at

Tips for Writing Essays Using Transition Topics

Tips for Writing Essays Using Transition TopicsAn essay transition topic is a good way to do a change of pace from the main theme of the essay. Transition topics are effective because they allow the reader to view the writer in a new light. It is a good idea to be creative and write a number of transition topics that will attract the attention of the reader.One way to write a transition topic is to write about an important event in your life that you gained some experience with. This could be a different job, moving house or experiencing a new thing or experience. These are all perfect transition topics because they will provide a new angle on the essay and make it much more interesting. The ideas presented can even be used as an introduction to a new subject that is covered in the main theme of the essay.However, one should be careful when writing these essays. If the transitions are too extensive then it could overwhelm the essay and make it difficult to read. The purpose of this e ssay should not be diluted by including too many transitions.The topic should include three transition topics, one for each of the three sections. After writing the introduction, the body of the essay should include a section that provides a summary of the ideas presented.For the introduction, the essay should talk about a subject that is relevant to the section of the essay that is about to follow. This is a good way to get into the heart of the subject without having to spend an entire essay on the point.The body of the essay should then include a summary of the topic that is discussed in the introduction. Although the introduction provided brief details of the topic, it did not provide the full explanation of what the topic is all about. In the body of the essay, the student should provide a more detailed account of the topic.As the essay is a summary of the information that was given in the introduction, it should not be too long. It should be sufficient to summarise the points that were discussed. If the topics are too lengthy, then the essay is likely to become disjointed.Although the essay transition topics are not common to all college students, they can be used successfully to increase the interest of the reader. It can also create a transition from the subject matter that the essay is about. When it is used properly, the essay will be successful at improving the interest of the reader.

New Semester, New Habits

New Semester, New Habits You know that burst of motivation that you have on the first day of class? That feeling that this will be the semester you get straight As and never skip a day of class? Lets be real, that usually lasts for a few weeks, and then we fall back into our same habits. So, this semester, or from now until graduation for you current high school seniors, I have a proposition: keep the winter motivation strong. Gif from Giphy.com The truth is that this can  be your semester of change. Breaking old habits isnt easy, as we know, but it is certainly doable. The truth lies in a few simple choices: how do you spend your free time, and how are your study habits? If you spend your free time binge-watching Orange is the New Black, odds are your grades wont be as high as youd like. But the good news is that there is a simple solution: Finish your homework before enjoying free time. For me, that meant coming home from school and lacrosse practice and doing my homework right after I ate dinner. I was re-energized from my meal, and I would then reward myself with a few hours of TV before bed. If your grades arent as good as youd like and you are spending a decent amount of time focusing on your academics, then your study habits need to change, too. While good studying looks different for everyone (because we all learn differently), here are a few good tricks to get started. All in all, you are the main factor in your grades, and good grades come with a true dedication to the material. Put academics first, and you will achieve great things. Rachel Class of 2020 I am studying Middle Grades Education with concentrations in Social Sciences and Literacy in the College of Education. Although I now reside in Champaign, I am originally from Vernon Hills, a Northwest suburb of Chicago.

Fleeting Trusts and Moldy Crusts - Literature Essay Samples

There’s a plethora of adjectives one could apply to the survivors of Hitler’s nightmarish concentration camps during the later years of the second world war; lucky, miraculous, strong-willed, and many more. However, what one must begin to consider as they ponder what the futures for these survivors was like after liberation from the camps. Many, if not all of these poor souls were left scarred for the rest of their lives, having to live every day with the images of crematoriums, skeleton-esque human beings, and the countless other atrocities that have been burned into their minds. To have emerged from the camps alive by the war’s end surely resulted on numerous factors, some of which aren’t even in one’s control. The story of Primo Levi and his tale of having survived one of the most terrifying eras for Jewish people in perhaps all of history reveals just what some of these factors were. From holding on to any sliver of dignity/humanity they had lef t in the camps to using cunning and wit to increase chances of survival, Primo prevailed against all odds. Having known that â€Å"man is bound to pursue his own ends by all possible means, while he who errs but once pays dearly† (1.3), the persistence and desire to make it out alive fueled the determination of a man trapped in a land of fleeting trusts and moldy crusts. Perhaps the most important contributor to the explanation how Primo survived when so many others around him did not entails holding on to the very thing the Nazi’s sought to destroy within the barbed wire fences of the camps: humanity. If there’s anything Hitler’s concentration camps did better than extinguishing the lives of all those unfortunate enough to be imprisoned in one, it was robbing the prisoners of their humanity. Primo became keen to the inner workings and motives of these camps fairly early on in his journey, realizing that â€Å"if we want to keep [our names], we will have to find in ourselves the strength to do so, to manage somehow so that behind the name something of us, of us as we were, still remains† (2.21). Before it was too late, Primo began clinging on to every shred of his past life that he could, utilizing skills and actions done before his imprisonment that reminded him of his humanity. The prisoners began trading and bargaining with their portions of bread, something that somewhat resembled the structure of a makeshift economy in the camps. Bread became the coin of the land in place of the paper/coin currency obviously absent in that environment. One individual in particular, an ex-sergeant of the Austro-Hungarian army in World War I, served to be one of the earliest assets contributing to Primo clinging on to his humanity. Steinlauf spoke words of supreme wisdom to Primo that he’d remember so well that they’d go on to be included in his book years later. Steinlauf desperately wanted Primo to acknowledge that â€Å"[they] must polish [their] shoes, not because the regulation states it, but for dignity and propriety† (3.41). The importance of maintaining routine order aside from the one enforced by the Nazi guards was key to keeping a level head in that hellish world. If one could clean themselves, dry off in their jackets, and even find the time to polish their shoes, then the declinat ion of sanity would slow down drastically. While Primo is skeptical of this advice in the beginning, wondering whether or not it’d be better to simply recognize the futility of having personal rules, it’s without a doubt one of the sole reasons he escaped the war with any bit of his humanity left intact. Another fateful action Primo chose to perform was analyzing and befriending select prisoners during his time in the camp. From having reunited with his childhood friend, Alberto, to holding down his territory in the Ka-Be medical center with Charles and Arthur in the final days leading to their freedom, Primo almost certainly would’ve perished long ago if it weren’t for the interactions he had with all the people he met along the way. He deemed anyone who became completely deprived from everyone he loved as being â€Å"a hollow man, reduced to suffering and needs, forgetful of dignity and restraint† (2.26), therefore taking it upon himself to make sure he wouldn’t become stranded there without anyone to care for. Despite having lost Alberto to the Nazi death marches as the Russians grew closer to the Auschwitz, Primo came to think so fondly of Charles and Arthur that he even went as far to say that he exchanged letters with Charles after their liberation, â€Å"[hoping] to see him again one day† (17.22). Through the combination of tactics and friendly connection Primo developed as he adapted to life in the concentration camp, the Jewish chemist was able to keep what little humanity he had left from being viciously stripped away from him by the dehumanizing Nazi regime. While he definitely gained a lot of the knowledge leading to his triumphant survival within the walls of his enclosure, it’d be ignorant to overlook Primo’s naturally admirable intelligence he had before arriving at Auschwitz. Aside from being a formally recognized chemist in the life he lived before the war, Primo was able to analytically observe his surroundings and those around him, which resulted in the discovery of ways he could go about his day while expending the least amount of energy possible. In one particular instance, Primo recruited the aid of a man named Resnyk to help him with a task requiring the heavy lifting of wooden beams weighing nearly 175 lbs each. Shortly after meeting the fellow prisoner, Primo wasted no time taking mental notes of the advantages to associating himself with him, labeling him as a â€Å"good worker [whose] being taller would support the greater part of the weight† (6.10). Levi’s natural ability to seek out the talen ts and usefulness that would come in handy should he need their assistance surely played an important role in his survival in Auschwitz. Touching back on his specialty in the field of chemistry as well, Primo’s choice to take the Chemical Examination put forward by German officers seeking out a Chemical Kommando for the camp gave him unparalleled legs-up over the other prisoners. Although it took awhile for the advantages of this action to finally become apparent, Primo found himself receiving better clothing at a more frequent rate, a warm workspace, and even the privilege of having a weekly shave once having secured the position (which was only earned by two other men). Using the strong mind gifted to him at birth to find ways to make his situation even just slightly more bearable undoubtedly gave Primo Levi the resources he needed to last until the Russians’ inevitable arrival at Auschwitz. One can’t help but sit back and truly think to themselves for a minute just how incredible it is that any concentration camp prisoner made it out of Hitler’s mortifying Europe with their lives. There were a few viable reasons that could help better explain why Primo Levi survived when countless others perished mere feet away from him on a daily basis, but the most influential ones included having humanity, intelligence and even luck on his side. There’s no way Primo would’ve made it out of Auschwitz if it weren’t for a few extremely fateful events, like his meeting of a local, kind-hearted citizen named Lorenzo, who would often provide extra portions of food in secrecy to him during the periods of air raid bombings (as the prisoners were forced to wait outside the bomb shelters during the attacks). He credits Lorenzo and his generosity for being â€Å"one of the main reasons for [his] survival† (12.9) by the time he and the rest of the remain ing prisoners were liberated in 1945. Nevertheless, no matter what the reasoning may be for Primo having survived one of the scariest examples of unrelenting anti-semitism in modern history, it goes without saying that this man deserved none of the horrible atrocities inflicted upon him during World War II. None of the victims of Hitler’s reign of terror did, and we can only hope that their spirits have found some degree of peace in the unknown world beyond the one riddled with hate, war and conflict that humanity continues to live in today.

A Detective With Whoville Police Department - 805 Words

I am a Detective with Whoville Police Department. I have full police powers and investigate all cases within the city of Whoville. I investigate all crimes and have county and state recourses available for assistance. The first step in the investigation took place when the general manager of the D M food store called the police department to speak with someone in reference to possible employee theft. On February 2, 2016 at 1330 hours, I met with Hugh Downs. He explained to me that he suspected his part time assistant manager, Lowraine James of theft. As the detective assigned to the case, I immediately began an investigation. I asked if the food store had cameras that I could view to see if anything can be seen. I also inquired as to whether the computer history could be checked by appropriate IT personnel. On February 3, 2016, I began reviewing video footage of L. James’s work shift. While viewing the footage, I noticed over the course of James work shift, she would stash cash on the side of the cash register after ringing up several purchases from customers. At the end of her work shift while James was counting monies in the cash drawer, she would separate the money and place some of the money in a bank deposit bag and place the previously stashed cash in a brown paper bag. On several occasions, I also noticed when L. James worked an evening shift, she would carry a medium size box and place it in the trunk of her vehicle prior to the end of her work shift. This took

The Health Facility Tours During Austria - 855 Words

The health facility tours in Austria were conducted at two hospitals, Barmherzige Bruder in Salzburg and tirol kliniken’s central hospital in Innsbruck. Barmherzige Bruder is a hospital based in a monastery. Tirol kliniken’s central hospital is part of a larger hospital system serving the Tirol region of Austria. Both hospitals resembled U.S. hospitals physically; but, both hospitals had a cleaner feel. The hospitals were quieter than then ones I’ve been in the U.S. Less people were in the common spaces. Like some of the U.S.’s university based teaching hospitals, tirol kliniken’s hospital in Innsbruck is associated with a University. The University hospital had spacious patient rooms in the neurology department and many rooms appeared empty. A pneumatic tube delivery system delivered mail and other things to different department’s including samples to the central lab. The emergency room was set up with two distinct units. One unit handled injuries involving blood and did not have any rooms. This unit triaged individuals behind curtains and moved the patient to the part of the hospital best equipped to deal with their condition. The second unit handled all other illnesses and had six beds. Finally, we were able to tour the heliport. Due to the rural and mountainous conditions, helicopters are placed strategically in the Tirol region where accidents are likely to occur and other vehicles can’t gain access. The helicopters are staffed with one do ctor andShow MoreRelatedUnited National Environment Program Environment For Development ( Unep )2210 Words   |  9 Pagesall-inclusive package tours, about 80% of travelers expenditures go to the airlines, hotels and other international companies (who often have their headquarters in the travelers home countries), and not to local businesses or workers. 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Childhood Development, By Erik Erikson, And Lev Vygotsky

In this writing it will be discussing childhood development, as well as some vital issues that might come along during those stages of development. Child development consist of the stage where the child is developing physically, cognitively, socially and spiritually. During these stages of development a child is maturing from infancy to becoming a young adult. For many years theorist such as Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Lev Vygotsky’s have researched how children mature from infants to adulthood. Each of the theorist have profound facts to how children develop, but which of the three men are correct on their findings? Sigmund Freud, a theorist who is well known for his analyzing the way people raise up their children, according to McLeod, S., (2013). Freud was one who search deep within an individual and seek out the processes of their personality. Another credible theorist is Erik Erikson. 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If life is to be sustained hope must remain, even where confidence is wounded, trust impaired. - Erik Erikson Erik Erikson (1902-1994) was a Germon born developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of human lie.Read MorePiaget Of The Child : Theories Of Development Essay960 Words   |  4 Pages In the â€Å"Study of the Child: Theories of Development I† (Learning Seed, 1997), according to Vygotsky, the cognitive development in children is in direct relationship, and dependent on interaction with others. (Feldman 2010, pg. 20). Vygotsky believed to truly understand cognitive development; a child’s social and cultural experiences must be considered. Piaget believes theorists that focus on the mind are called cognitive theorists. Piaget was most interested in how children think. Piaget describesRead MoreChild’s Play is Serious Business Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"For young children, there is no distinction between play and learning; they are one and the same. Playing is a priority in early childhood, yet not all play is the same† (Butler, 2008, p. 1). Since the beginning of mankind children have imitated adults and learned to survive through play. Evidence of this includes toys and board games from 6,000 years ago that have been found in Egypt and Asia (Dollinger, 2000). In the last two centuries, child’s play has been observed and studied by theoristsRead MoreTheories Of Development And Development Influence Human Intelligence1676 Words   |  7 Pageslearning and development. Some major theorists that are incorporated with theories of development include Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, and Erik Eriks on. Along with the theories of development, there are theories of learning. The four main theories include cognitive, constructivism, social cognitive, and situative. First and foremost, Jean Piaget can be considered a pioneer in psychology. His theory is considered one of the most influential and comprehensive theories of cognitive development. This theoryRead MoreVygotsky s Theory Of Identity Development Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesSocial development is one of the most significant aspects of a childs life, for they can not live with out social interaction, the moment they are born they are being interacted with, typically social development happens to everyone throughout their life, with the rare cases of adults becoming hermits, there is no escape from developing socially to fit in with those around you, or to stand out. works along side emotional development as how we develop socially affects our emotions and the emotionsRead MoreMe Doing What I Gotta Do1323 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Growth and Development Ch. 7 amp; 8 Study Guide *. During early childhood, on average, girls are smaller and lighter than boys. *. By the end of early childhood, compared to each other, boys have muscle tissue, whereas girls have fatty tissue. *. By repeatedly obtaining brain scans of the same children for up to four years, researchers found that the children’s brains experience undergo dramatic anatomical change between the ages of 3 and 15. *. Researchers have found that inRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development803 Words   |  4 PagesIn the early 19th Century, little attention was given to children development. Emphasis were based upon what a child would become as they get older( Green 2013)However, it was investigated by human developmental psychologist that Child development is relevant in relation to how individuals relate in the environment as well as the factors that influence human development. These psychologists developed the human developmental life span which is predominant in the society today, although remains unsubstantiatedRead More The Nature of Child Development Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesHuman development has been a subject of interest since ancient Greece and Rome. Different approaches derive from two basic directions: the nativists` and empiricists` ones. The latter method is to regard human development as a gradual change which has been influenced by the individual`s experience .On the othe r hand, the former approach has found its roots in the biological structure of the human organism which considers our development as a series of stages. However, referring to human developmentRead MoreA Case Study Of Antwan Elliot1183 Words   |  5 Pagesis provided. The biographical information includes his life experiences from birth to present day. Also, specific narratives of Antwan’s life will be used as examples to ascertain or repudiate the developmental psychological theories of Erik Erikson, Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget. A Case Study of Antwan Elliot Biography Antwan is a 19 year-old African American male. He grew up on the outskirts of downtown Raleigh in a poor neighborhood. Antwan’s father constantly worked to support the familyRead MorePlay Is Important For A Child s Development1747 Words   |  7 PagesBefore we explore why play is important for a child’s development, let’s take a look at what exactly â€Å"play† is. Play can be a vague term in the educational world because its definition is unclear, especially when putting it in the context of a classroom. Play can be defined as anything a child does within the social context and sometimes it is defined as just recess or free time. There are confusing and conflicting definitions but there are two sure forms of play in the context of education:

Cohabitation Is Defined As A Man And Woman Living

Abstract Cohabitation is defined as a man and woman living in the same household and having sexual relations while not being married. There is relatively little data on health outcomes for people who have cohabitated, although there is some evidence that cohabitating couples have lower incomes (15% of cohabitating men are jobless while 8% of married men are jobless) and there may be negative academic effects for children of cohabitating mothers (Jay, 2012). Cohabitation rates are highest among those who have never married with just over a quarter of people surveyed reporting cohabitation before their first marriage (Jay, 2012). Of these, half reported that they expected their cohabitation to end in marriage; about one quarter to one third of cohabitations end either in marriage or dissolution of the relationship within 3 years (Jay, 2012). Further, cohabitation rates are highest for those who have not completed college, accounting for all but 12% of men and women reporting that they are livi ng with their partners (Jay, 2012). Cohabitation and marriage are two significant decisions college students will make, but very little is known about what college students think about living together before marriage. Given the nearly 50% divorce rate in the United States (Jay, 2012), understanding how young adults view cohabitation as on option for life relationships needs further investigation. Beliefs about Living Together Before Marriage Research Paper Introduction:Show MoreRelatedEssay Cohabitation, Marriage, and Divorce1239 Words   |  5 Pages1.0 Introduction Cohabitation is and has been a norm in almost all societies in the world. It has been perceived as the stepping stone to marriage by the modern generation. In Whitman, (2003), cohabitation has grown so widely that there is one cohabiting couple out of 7 marriages in 2010 as compared to 1 out of 90 marriages in 1960. According to her, the attitude towards the whole of marriage institution has changed drastically over time. In the same article, currently in the US, of 3 single womenRead MoreCohabitation and Its Effect on Rise in Divorce Rate1117 Words   |  5 PagesEffect of Cohabitation on the Rising Divorce Rate The rise of the divorce rate seems to be due to the lack of commitment or understanding of love and longevity in a marriage. Cohabitation can be defined as an arrangement whereby two people decide to live together on a long term or permanent basis in an emotionally and /or sexually intimate relationship (Brannon 2008). Cohabitation is seen as the best way to understand a prospective mate in terms of living and financial stabilityRead MoreThe Vs. Mohammad Khan1615 Words   |  7 PagesIn the cases which were instituted prior to independence like A Dinohamy v. WL Blahamy the Privy Council laid down a broad rule stating that, â€Å"where a man and a women are proved to have lived together as a man and wife, the law will presume, unless the contrary be clearly proved, that they were living together in consequence of a valid marriage and not in a state of â€Å"concubinage† The same principle was reiterated in the case of Mohabhat Ali v. Mohammad Ibrahim Khan After independence, a notableRead MoreDivorce And Its Definition Of Marriage978 Words   |  4 PagesMarriage is ending often in divorce due to marrying young, the expectations placed on it, living together before marriage, and women’s independence. In this research paper, I will be discussing divorce and its definition. I will also discuss what sociologist theorists are saying regarding divorce in the research that I’ve read and reviewed. It is interesting to see how the reason for divorce continues to change but as society sees fit with their definition of marriage, divorce, and even whatRead MoreWhy Do Couples Move On Before Marriage?1331 Words   |  6 PagesWhy do couples move in before marriage? Cohabitation can be defined as when two people are in a committed relationship that decide to live together and play the role of a married couple but they are not legally married. When a couple has been together for a long time the relationship grows to become stronger and you get comfortable with your significant other, therefore couples tend to skip the step of marriage because they get use to the routine of being together that they decide to move in withoutRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Cohabitation Before Marriage1563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Pros and Cons of Cohabitation before Marriage Introduction Social scientists have defined cohabitation as a situation where two adults, male and female live together in a relationship that is intimate and non-marital. The two make living arrangements without legal bounds to stay together before getting married. In most of the countries and in this case in the United States, cohabitation is a common feature among the American family life (Stokes Raley, n.d). It has become a typical pathway toRead MoreAnalysis Of Andrew J. Cherlin s American Marriage946 Words   |  4 Pageshow marriage in America is evolving from the universal marriage. Cherlin’s definition of the universal marriage in his essay is the man is the breadwinner of the household and the woman is the homemaker. In the 20th century according to Cherlin, the meaning of marriage has been altered such as the changing division of labor, childbearing outside of marriage, cohabitation, gay marriage and the result of long- term cultural and material trends (1154). During the fir st transition of marriage, Cherlin discussesRead MoreThe Decline Of The Nuclear Family1084 Words   |  5 Pagesbecame synonymous with the American dream philosophy in the mid-1940s. The nuclear family standard is rapidly on the decline in the United States. These declining number have a range of causes. The causes of the decline of the nuclear family are cohabitation, childfree couples, high divorces rates, and the introduction of LGBTQ families. The effects are increased self-fulfillment, serial monogamy, childhood psychological trauma and family diversity. Gay and lesbian marriages primarily cause the nuclearRead MoreMarriage and Cohabitation13809 Words   |  56 Pages 1.2 What is Cohabitation CHAPTER TWO – ORIGIN OF MARRIAGE 2.1 Types of Marriage 2.2 Justification of Marriage 2.3 Christian Perspective of Marriage 2.4 Advantages and dis-advantages of Marriage CHAPTER THREE – ORIGIN OF COHABITATION 3.1 Types of Cohabitation 3.2 Justification of Cohabitation 3.3 Christian perspective of Cohabitation 3.4 Advantages and dis- advantages of Cohabitation CHAPTER FOUR – MARRIAGE AND COHABITATION 4.1 Relationship between Marriage and Cohabitation 4.2 Comparison ofRead MoreDescribe Ways in Which Concept of Family Has Changed Across Cultures and over Time (Sociology)1442 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States, Canada and Northern Europe families has changed the most, now Nuclear families are dominating there, when in Asia Extended families still takes a greater number. In the richest places in the world numbers of same sex marriages, cohabitations, divorces significantly increasing, when in most less developed countries these things are forbidden and relatives still arrange their children marriages, or even force their children to get married to someone they want to. Everyone imagines

Administrator Challenges Free Essays

Criminal justice administration is not a position that should be taken lightly given that it involves an enormous responsibility and occasionally very stressful environment. As such, people in administrative positions are expected to be ethically upright and boast fitting behavior in view of the fact that they serve as examples to their co-workers and the community. The administrators are often confronted with challenges in criminal justice management as well as challenges that are very well associated with the modern government (University of South Florida, n. We will write a custom essay sample on Administrator Challenges or any similar topic only for you Order Now d.). Today’s society is continually in transition; and as a result, fundamental and major changes are equally taking place in the social and economic field. In order for the criminal justice administration to be successful, it must necessarily keep pace with the changing times. It is important therefore that administrators must have an advanced analytical skill, as well as the capacity to use the aforementioned attribute in designing and evaluating solutions to the ever evolving challenges. Challenges of the Criminal Justice Administration Basic is the rule in criminal justice that serious inadequacy in the administration of justice is considered denial of justice. More often than not, breakdowns take place in the administration of criminal justice. Delay and incompetence in apprehending, deciding court cases and in providing appropriate correctional programs have become recognizable and unending to the system. This observable fact is not restricted to the United States alone, but it is rather worldwide and historical; it is inherent in every judicial system, which in reality should be guarding against any injustice made to a person. The causes of delays and inefficiencies in the administration of criminal justice are profound and diverse, arising as a result of factors equally inside and outside the system (Asian Legal Information Institute). Nevertheless, it has always been the primary concern of every civilized society to deal with the challenge of incompetence in the system with a view to find ways of eliminating substandard and insufficiencies in the administration. Court Administrator Generally, every court employs a court administrator who is placed to administer court operations including the management of finances and appointment of personnel. However, other than managing employees, there is more to being a court administrator. Court administrators’ responsibilities involves personnel management, signing of judgments and orders, fiscal responsibilities, case flow management, records management, issuing summons, and statistical analysis, in addition to designing and putting into practice within the pre-existing court guidelines a number of significant procedures. Aside from managing their department and the court system’s financial expenses, court administrators are also expected to make forecasts as to the future needs of the system. The court administrators’ responsibility is one that cannot be taken without due consideration, since they are in charge for numerous responsibilities within the department. As such, they must be competent enough to think on their feet without delay. Court administrators must be capable of evaluating and interpreting the necessities of the organization, and must constantly assess the latter’s development in order to properly determine indispensable changes. The satisfying part of being a court administrator is that the position often builds encouraging relationships with the community, co-workers and employees. In addition, the position is satisfying in view of the fact that administrators are granted with the authority to execute courses of action that they believe to be advantageous to court employees as well as to the public. However, despite the fact that the role of court administrator generates numerous rewards, there are evidently several aspects which can and will complicate the role. Like any other profession, there are issues that would make the court administrator’s work multifaceted and obviously exhausting. Issues in the areas of public relations, budgeting, meeting deadlines and on the whole encouraging people, are continually being encountered by the justice system. Consequently, because of the unremitting traditional direction of justice, many observers suggest that court administrators are becoming inefficient and ineffective in the performance their duties. Experts believe that in order to become an efficient and effective court administrator, one must have: (1) proper support systems, together with case flow systems and administration information systems; (2) sufficient resources, together with adequate resources for the adjustment process; (3) effective procedures, tactics and strategies, as well as an operational plan; (4) an appropriate management and organizational structure; (6) a set of objectives and collective vision; and (6) strong management skills (Fraser, n.d., p.6). Unfortunately, some observers believe that there are still a few court administrators these days that are deficient with some of the abovementioned requirements. Outcome of the Course In addition to the fact that the course enhanced my researching skills, I learned a number of additional useful knowledge, particularly on the administration and administrators of criminal justice. The course has provided me information on some challenges affecting the aforesaid administrators, aside from the issues and satisfaction associated with the position. Taken as a whole, the criminal justice administration class has helped improve my awareness of what the specific duties of the justice administrators really are. The class has enlightened me on the large number of new opportunities as well as several long-established career opportunities in criminal justice. For that reason, I am now taking into consideration careers in the criminal justice system, especially in court administration. References Asian Legal Information Institute. (n.d.). Criminal Justice System. Retrieved February 6, 2009, from   http://www.asianlii.org/pk/other/PKLJC/reports/22.html Fraser, C. (n.d.). Modernizing Models of Court Administration: A Time for Change. Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice. Retrieved February 6, 2009, from http://www.ciaj-icaj.ca/english/publications/2004/684Fraser.pdf University of South Florida. (n.d.). Criminal Justice Administration. Retrieved February 6, 2009, from http://criminology.usf.edu/faculty/data/certificate_brochure.pdf How to cite Administrator Challenges, Papers

Can a Machiavellian Prince be a Good Christian free essay sample

Can Machiavellis Prince be a Good Christian? [Many] have pictured republics and principalities which in fact have never been known or seen, because how one lives is so far distant from how one ought to live, that he who neglects what is done for what ought to be done, sooner effects his ruin than his preservation Hence it is necessary for a prince wishing to hold his own to know how to do wrong, and to make use of it or not according to necessity. (Machiavelli, 62) Machiavellis suggestion to rulers to sacrifice virtue to win and maintain states has rought his political treatise, The Prince, both attention and contention for the past five centuries. While condemned for the ruthlessness and cruelty that it espouses, The Prince has been hailed as the first modern political treatise for the meticulous warfare and statecraft strategies it prescribes to the rulers. It is a sprawling discourse on how a king needs, not ought, to behave in order to maintain his kingdom; Machiavellis Prince is a strategist whose decisions are based on calculating reason rather than on any abiding faith in morality or virtue. His overarching rgument is to value, in order to achieve and hold power, being feared over being loved, being cruel over being kind, being parsimonious over being generous, and so While other texts in the wisdom tradition Platos Republic and Aurelius Meditation, for example emphasize the importance of a ruler being good and Just, Machiavelli concerns himself solely with practicality, dismissing the philosophical tradition of holding rulers to moral perfection. Under the light of comparison then, it is easy to dismiss The Prince as an aberration in the history of classical philosophy; fter all, it never came to be read by a ruler and Machiavelli himself saw little political success in his life after writing it (Machiavelli, p. 9). Yet, interspersed through The Prince are phrases like without burdening the people (Machiavelli, p. 4) which make the reader wonder at the engaging struggle between what he prescribes for the king a relentless and amoral pursuit of reasoning and strategy and what he hopes the king will achieve for his populace, which is overall stability and peace. At stake is a fundamental rift between what Machiavellis Prince does to win and maintain states, and why he does it. Machiavelli prizes a kings use of far-reaching vision to achieve victory that easily dispenses with questions of morality. Yet, he is acutely aware of the king being kindly to his subjects, mentioning several ways in which the king can win and maintain favor with his population, even if that is with an eye on maintaining power in the state. A king who but not in what he provides for his population. Machiavellis treatment of virtue as dispensable in exchange for a greater aim has brought his views on Christianity into extensive discussion; Stanfords Encyclopedia f Philosophy pays homage to this ancient discussion by citing several prominent philosophers who hold competing views on Machiavellis perception of religion. Some claim that he was profoundly anti-Christianl while others believe the opposite, citing the central biblical themes [that] run through Machiavellis writings, [and which include] a coherent conception of a divinely-centered and ordered cosmos in which other forces are subsumed under a divine will and plan2. This paper complements this discussion by evaluating The Prince under the light of the Gospel y Matthew and establishing that Machiavellis prince is unchristian as a person but Christian in his duties as a ruler and in what he provides for his people. On the relationship with the nobles Machiavelli states that there are two distinct parties in each city the nobility and the people, or the masses and his advice on warfare and statecraft treats each very differently (Machiavelli, p. 43). He is aware of the different roles that each part of the population plays in bringing a king to power and in keeping him there. He is deeply suspicious and mistrusting of the nobility, seeing in their ambitions an inherent onflict with those of the masses. At each step of the process of winning and maintaining power, he emphasizes this conflict of interest and overwhelmingly supports favoring the masses over the nobility. While coming to power, he says it is better to come to sovereignty with the aid of the people rather than that of the nobles; the nobles consider themselves a rulers equals while amongst people, there are none who are not prepared to obey him (Machiavelli, p. 43). Overwhelmingly then, Machiavellis cruelty is directed towards the nobility and, in xtension, other counselors and lords in the kingdom. He advices kings to put those nobles to death whose ambitions are misaligned and not subservient to themselves; in particular, he hails Cesare Borgias strategy of executing Ramiro, a lord, in order to prevent him usurping excessive authority. If the nobility in a princes kingdom can be compared to the apostles who Jesus delegates the task of proclaiming his message, then Borgias treatment of the nobility lies in stark contrast to Jesus treatment of the apostles. Jesus trusts his apostles completely, entrusting them with the responsibility f healing people in his absence. He also takes them in full confidence, addressing them directly instead of talking to them in parables like he does with his people. Machiavellis expectations of absolute loyalty from the nobility is similar to Jesus expectations from the apostles, yet his mistrust and suspiciousness of their ambitions force him to be cruel and selfish enough to kill his fellow rulers, an action deeply in contention with the way Jesus treats his own fellow men. must be treated differently and selectively based on their strength, their usability, nd the support they lend to the kings kingdom. This is in addition to the blanket advice to never, never let a strong king take power in the neighborhood. He again uses Cesare Borgias example to demonstrate the right way in which to balance severity with kindness towards kings in the neighborhood (Machiavelli, p. 35); Borgia knows how to gain friends and soldiers, get the population to love and fear him, and eliminate those who can or will harm him. His severity towards enemies revolts against yet another tenet of Christianity that asks people to love their enemies and o kindness unto them (5:44). On the relationship with the people In contrast, Machiavellis treatment of the masses is less consummate with absolute cruelty. While he still prescribes a Judicious use of violence to keep the population in fear, his actions are much more motivated by the desire to maintain stability in and gain favor with the population rather than by any abject sense of mistrust. A Machiavellian ruler is at various times portrayed to be a protector of the people, a defender of their way of life, and sometimes Just a leader who keeps them in order. He states that a king is better protected if his population loves him, claiming, The best fortress for the prince is to be loved by his people, because if he is hated by them, all the fortresses in the world will not save him (Machiavelli, 83). He ponders over the difficulty of maintaining control over a state if the populace hates its king, stating several times that while the king can use his armies to fend against external danger, all of it will be in vain in the face of the internal threat of an unhappy population. Happy, however, is an ambiguous word in the world of Machiavelli. It seems that, for Machiavelli, subjects in a society derive happiness partly from being able to maintain their old ways of life (Machiavelli, 28) and partly by being loyal to their king (Machiavelli, 65). To maintain stability and fealty in his population, Machiavelli advises the prince to use force Judiciously; he must prefer being considered clement and not cruel (Machaivelli, 65), but still not be lenient enough to let this clemency allow the country to go to ruin. In the larger scheme of things, then, Machiavelli says a king much not mind the reproach of cruelty; because with a few examples [of ruelty], he will be more merciful than those who, through too much mercy, allow disorders to rise (Machiavelli, p. 65). Furthermore, he claims that if there are factions of the population that seem threatening, the king must be ready to use force to swiftly and surely suppress any signs of rebellion. This, he says, is better than letting any seeds of discontent from turning into a war (Machiavelli, p. 3). Needless to say, Jesus of the Gospel according to Matthew would never espouse such actions. In stark difference to a Machiavellian prince, Jesus expounds the virtue of urning the right cheek (Matthews, 5:39). Jesus attitude towards the people in his kingdom is that of absolute benevolence and his actions preach tolerance and Famously, he also says that those who use the sword must perish by the sword. A Machiavellian prince, in stark contrast, uses h is sword to maintain peace in his kingdom and to inspire fear in his people. As a leader, Jesus also deals extensively with the private lives of his followers. He is privvy to their troubles and extends his help to each and all. He extends the message that helping others is to welcome God into the home. Machiavelli, in contrast, overwhelmingly supports non-interference in the moral lives of the subjects. He makes no mention of the king having any obligation to reform the population. He believes instead that a leader must let the newly acquired subjects maintain their way of life so as to minimize any cause of rebellion (Machiavelli, p. 9). In all his dealings with people, Machiavellis prince must project himself to be a paragon of generosity, loyalty, humaneness, integrity, and scrupulousness (Machiavelli, p. 70). This again lies in stark contrast with Jesus who tries to hide his iracles and his kindness, and also expects his followers to do the same (23:23), for Jesus does not have any need to parade his kindness, while Machiavellis prince needs to use it as a weapon of persuasion and popularity.

Family Organization in Ancient Rome free essay sample

To imagine family life consisting of anything else that it is today may be a difficult notion to apprehend. Obscure as it is to believe, family life, in Ancient Rome, although seemingly similar, was an entirely different concept. The saying, â€Å"Dad’s going to kill me! † might just be taken literally. Family, or Familia, is composed of a paterfamilias, our equivalent of a father; his male children, married or unmarried; his wife; his unmarried daughters; his daughters-in-law; his servants; the servants’ family; and the family slaves. A Familia is begun by the conjugal pair, domus, and the land and property they own. The bond they share is solely legal, for in these times religion was not involved with marriage. The relationship was a â€Å"partnership of all life, sharing rights human and divine† through the â€Å"union of a man and woman. † Emotions between the paterfamilias and his wife was not romantic, yet it was an emotional bond created for stability and wealth. We will write a custom essay sample on Family Organization in Ancient Rome or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Children did emerge from this bond, and extramarital affairs by the paterfamilias were not only common, but were regular events. The Domus is composed of a wife and the all powerful paterfamilias. This figure can be represented as the father. The paterfamilias is the oldest male member of the household, and has total control over his domain. The children were allowed to have possessions, as long as under the power of their paterfamilias. The possessions the children owned were subject to removal by the paterfamilias into their own possession. Children were not bothered by this law, because in these times life expectancy was short, thus the paterfamilias’ reign did not last long over the household. While in reign, the paterfamilias would arrange marriages for all his children. Personal financial growth was one of his main concerns. Girls would marry from the ages of twelve to fifteen, and boys from fourteen and on. The paterfamilias had the power to sell his children, as well as kill his children. Due to limit the mouths to feed and later property division amongst heirs. Infanticide became a common practice during this era, so popular that searching for abandoned infants became highly rampant. Infants found were usually kept as slaves or sold into slavery. Contraceptives and abortion were known and practiced, but contraceptives lacked perfection and abortions were highly dangerous, if not lethal. The life of a slave was not bad as one would believe. In fact, they lived relatively very well. Owners even encouraged slaves to reproduce. Their responsibilities consisted of those of a wife, for the fact most slaves were bought by wealthy husbands whose wives were tired of the daily house chores. As we do now, Ancient Romans devised a nominal system intended to give individual names as well as family names. A man who does not belong to a clan, or gens, would have two names. First, a praenomen, which is his given name (e. g. Marcus, Titus). Then you have the nomen, which can be the family name, or if his family is unknown, a form of patronymic (e. g. Marcius, Tituis) A man who belongs to a clan, or gens, would have three names. The first, a praenomen, which is his given name. Second, a nomen, which expresses the clan to which he would belong. Lastly, a cognomen, which expresses his family or the branch of his clan. A gens is simply a grouping of paterfamilias and males of different families. A name would be created to represent the clan. An unmarried woman would have two names. The first would be a feminine form of her fathers nomen combined with a cognomen (e. g. Maior, Minor, Tertia. ) This expresses her chronological ranking in the family. For example, Nero Claudius Drusus’s second daughter would be Claudia Secunda. A married woman would take a form of her husbands cognomen and add it to her name. Family life, a concept taken for granted. Learning other ways family life has been can help us to appreciate our own daily life. It is evident how much our culture, as well as the cultures around us, owe to the Ancient Romans. I am thankful, as well as all whom have taken this class, to learn the struggles and achievements the cultures preceding our own have endured, so we may learn and adapt from their history.

Personal Value Essay Sample Blog Writes My Essay

Personal Value Essay Sample Blog Writes My EssayWriting a personal value essay is not at all a difficult task to do, if you are willing to put in the right effort. The first thing that you need to do is to develop a well thought out essay. You should always remember that it is a hard task for any person to write an essay on the same topic that you have written about and thus you should always try to make sure that your essay would make a good impact on your reader.When writing the essay, you can always think of some good ideas that you would like to include in your essay. One of the things that you can include in your essay would be how you got to know the topic that you are going to write about.It is always better to include something that can help the reader to understand more about the topic that you are going to write about. This will make your essay to be more interesting to read and this will make your reader to take the essay more seriously.You can also include a link to your website or blog that you use to promote your essay. This will help you get more exposure for your essay and will also let the readers know about your essay. In the beginning, your essay would just be a simple personal one, but once they read your essay, they will certainly love to read something more from you.Once you are done with writing your personal value essay sample blog to write my essay, then it is time to look for the online writers who would be interested in reading it. Then, you can now choose which writer to submit your essay to. You can even check out the sites where these writers can publish your essay.When choosing a writer, you can always make sure that he is professional and has proven quality and can definitely make your essay better. Then, it is important that you make sure that the writer can accept the contents of your essay and you can also ensure that you send him an original manuscript. Make sure that the writer is truly interested in writing your essay and w ill definitely let you know when the deadline is.Remember that you can always find the right words in your essay by trying to match your content with the writer's. Remember that a great essay is hard to write and therefore, it would be much better if you will take the help of a professional essay writer.

Once World War I came to an en... free essay sample

Once World War I came to an end in 1918, the United States experienced groundbreaking economic growth. The Roaring Twenties and what F. Scott Fitzgerald would call the greatest, gaudiest spree in history have come to characterize America during its time of great innovation. In F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby, the readers are exposed to the rich and luxurious lives of the upscale east coasters in the midst of one of the most rambunctious time periods in American history. Although the 1920s was a period of great anticipation, Fitzgerald is able to express a critical portrayal of the wealthy Americans during this decade. In the early 1920s, Alcohol was a high demand throughout the country. Boozers occupied a majority of Americas jails and poorhouses and an association of activists made it their goal to expunge liquor as an attempt to help the country go back to simpler times (Altman). We will write a custom essay sample on Once World War I came to an en or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The movement which is known as Prohibition, was meant to abolish the liquor temptation, but it had the accidental effect of converting lawful citizens into criminals (Altman). The governments action of excluding liquor from the masses unintentionally made the substance even more alluring, trendy, and something that people needed to get a hold of. During Prohibition, both cocktails and finger food gained popularity and became fashionable. If one had the ability to supply their guests with a limitless flow of alcoholic drinks, his or her adoration and reputation was set. Furthermore, if one was determined and daring enough to invest in the bootlegging business-illegal traffic in liquor, their prosperity was sure to be established. As the consumer demand for illegal liquor heightened, the mechanisms for disguising its manufacturing and consumption also increased. Regardless of Prohibition, it appeared that Americans were still enjoying and entertaining themselves. Fitzgerald is able to capture these wild and careless societal behaviors brought about by the Prohibition in his novel The Great Gatsby. The millionaire character Jay Gatsby embodies ultimate 1920s wealth and corruption. Gatsby commits himself and his life to acquiring money and possessions in order to captivate the attention of his romantic fixation, the stunning yet damaged Daisy Buchanan. Gatsbys exorbitant parties thrown from his north shore Long Island mansion make his prosperity indisputable. These self-indulgent parties, abounding with food like pastry pigs and turkeys bewitched to a dark gold along with gins and liquors that have cordials so long forgotten that most of his female guests were too young to know one from the other (Fitzgerald), represent the desire for idolization not only from a specific person, like Daisy, but also from the public eye of other wealthy citizens. Fitzgerald also uses Gatsbys character in order to exemplify fortune earned through bootlegging. This money is how Gatsby is able to fund his extravagant parties with endless cocktails to spare. Fitzgerald incorporates the Prohibition behaviors of throwing parties and bootlegging in the novel in order to show that lavishness and wealth in the 1920s came with dishonesty and selfishness.

Money Makes the World Go Around

Money Makes the World Go Around Read why some professions are more valuable than others. What Is Too Much? We live in a world where entertainers and athletes earn more money in a year than teachers and social workers make in a lifetime – so the everyday, middle-class person has to wonder: Why is this so? Are these people simply more valuable than me? You’re not going to like this – but, yes, they are more valuable than you, economically speaking; celebrities are quite valuable to the marketplace. In a capitalistic society, athletes and entertainers are walking billboards for a brand, product, enterprise or service – and these stars are subsequently rewarded with copious amounts of money for this exchange. It’s been this way for a long, long time. Professional athletes make up a good percentage of these celebrities. And they do not make too much money if they are doing it legally. They have earned it. How to Save Money in College? But first, let’s consider who decides what constitutes â€Å"too much money.† Let’s look at the kind of money professional athletes make in a year. In Forbes’ list of the highest-paid athletes in the world, the top earner in 2015 was boxer Floyd Mayweather: He made $300 million, $285 million from his winnings. In that list at number 10, NBA star Kobe Bryant made $49.5 million – $23.5 million from his contract, and $26 million in endorsements alone. These are extraordinary amounts of money, enough for a single person to never have to work again in their life. And if it’s the struggling everyday people of the middle and lower classes deciding whether these numbers illustrated â€Å"too much money,† they would likely advocate the burning of these money-sucking pigs. In America, the median salary is about $50,000, according to a 2016 article published on Foxbusiness.com titled, â€Å"Average Salaries for Americans: Median Salaries for Common Jobs.† But if they tried to put themselves in the shoes of the celebrities – well, in the wallets of these celebrities – they would find themselves reaping the rewards and basking in the sunshine of extravagant wealth. And they’d probably want more of it, realizing it meant a life free from common worries, problems, and generally negative experiences. So, once again, professional athletes could never make â€Å"too much† money. Their banks accounts are filled with hard-earned money. Everybody Is Paid According to His Talents Professional athletes earn their money because they possess an otherworldly talent and work ethic. They say talent is nothing without the effort to hone it. Well, these athletes making several million dollars a year were not only born with God-given talent or skill for a certain movement or sport – they took that talent to become one of the best in the world at their sport. That takes amazing character and self-discipline – like the patience and dedication to climbing over a massive wall each and every day for years, knowing for sure that success is just around the corner. Black Economy the Father of the Poverty Take basketball legend Michael Jordan, a late bloomer: He grew six or more inches the summer after his sophomore year in high school, that year not making the varsity team. He then worked on his craft and bettered himself. He eventually became a star in high school and college, and then was drafted into the NBA – and the rest is history. He was the best player in the league for years, making the top salary too, before retiring and investing his money. He is now a billionaire. Income Is Balanced by Tax Professional athletes, both actively playing and retired, deserve all of their money because they are highly taxed – just like a large corporation. Now the tax system may be imperfect – because there is certainly some inequality in how much money people of different tax brackets are taxed – but we can generally see that a person is taxed more with the more money they make. Each year some of these athletes still are taxed hundred of thousands of dollars, if not millions. So anyone would want to make more money if they were taxed each large amounts of money. It’s best to conclude this argument by asking the reader, to be honest here. There is never too much money to be made unless of course, it comes through evil, violent tactics. Then it’s not deserved. But professional athletes deserve every penny they earn, even if it’s disgusting, whether through competing in their sport, getting paid through endorsement deals, or by merely showing up to things and attracting people. They do no make too much. What they make is, well, just right.

The effect of illegal immigration on the U.S. economy Term Paper

The effect of illegal immigration on the U.S. economy - Term Paper Example A nation without borders is not a nation and this country has been losing control of the borders for many decades, losing prosperity, security and autonomy along with them. One of the most important issues of the White House and Congress should be securing the borders, but homeland security is all but non-existent. This is a complex problem that is not being solved by the congressmen, who continuously fail to act in the country’s best interests. The massive numbers of illegal aliens pouring across mainly the southern border has and continues to cause substantial economic, social and physical harms to legal citizens. These harms occur predominantly to those who are among the most vulnerable segments of the population: minorities, children and the poor. The fundamental reason for the flood of immigration from Latin America, specifically Mexico, is the disintegration of the Mexican economy predominantly resulting from free-trade strategies employed by the North American Free Trad e Agreement and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The rampant corruption within the Mexican government has also contributed significantly to the collapse of the Mexican economy. â€Å"Due to IMF policies regarding Mexico, its economic output dropped 33 percent in the past two decades† (Small, 2005). During this period, its foreign debt rose 359 percent because of widespread looting of the national coffers. These factors caused the â€Å"collapse of all areas of productive economic activity and employment, is the primary driver of the flood of emigrants desperate to leave Mexico, to find some livelihood for themselves and their families in the United States† (Small, 2005). It has been estimated that the added cost to the federal government will be more than $15 billion per year when the present illegal aliens become citizens and begin collecting welfare benefits. The proposed bill will add greatly to this number because it will encourage a new surge of low skilled workers through its guest worker program. Traditionally, immigrants to the U.S. were less likely than those born in America to collect welfare. This historic arrangement has radically changed over the past three decades. Today, immigrant families are at least 50 percent more likely to receive federal benefits than those born in this country. Additionally, immigrants are more likely to adapt their lives to rely on the welfare system and studies have shown the longer immi ­grants stay in the U.S., the more likely they are to be on welfare. To further aggravate the situation, when an illegal immigrant becomes a citizen, he can legally bring his parents who also have the right to become citi ­zens. The estimated long-term cost of overall federal benefits could exceed $50 billion per year for the parents of the 10 million beneficiaries of amnesty. Approximately half of current illegal immigrants do not possess a high-school level education. Welfare use among this group and for low-sk ill immigrants granted amnesty is three times the rate for the U.S. born citizens. Over the past two decades, about 10 million people who do not possess a high-school diploma have entered the country and predictably end up on welfare. (Rector, 2006). Illegal immigrants receive more from public monies than they contribute which lowers the standard of living for legal citizens. Illegal immigrants contribute greatly to the overall population growth and health care, education and employment are the most impacted. Salaries are driven down by illegal immigrants willing to work for much less while their children, illegal and legal, overcrowd the schools. It’s the U.S. taxpayer who is sent the bill for their health care services as well. In addition, the large influx of illegal aliens

Mark Zuckerberg as an Entrepreneur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mark Zuckerberg as an Entrepreneur - Essay Example 54). Individuals who add value to themselves by swindles or other socially distasteful acts are not helping society and, hence, are not entrepreneurs in our eyes. Even if an enterprise makes a profit by, for example, selling drugs to schoolchildren, it has not met the test of adding value to society Entrepreneurship is based on innovation and change as the main driven forces in business. Entrepreneurial behavior is a potential candidate to significantly influence marketing thought and practice because it deals directly with a key concept in marketing: bringing innovation successfully to market. Mark Zuckerberg is an entrepreneur and co-founder of the social networking site, Facebook. His personality and approach to business reflect the idea that diffusion of innovation is the discipline of marketing, it is an area of thought and practice that is relatively undeveloped in comparison to managing products in mature markets. Mark Zuckerberg borrowed the idea of social networking from his school, known as "Harvard-thing", This site links only Harvard students, so Zuckerberg decided to expend it and link it to other schools. His personal example shows that in Entrepreneur activities, a careful review of ideas is combined with the quantity and quality of accumulated knowledge about markets created by innovation and the marketing of innovation, as well as other activity directly dependent on marketing, is relatively scarce and in comparison with other areas, deficient. The scarcity and deficiency of accumulated knowledge can not be attributed to a single cause. However, three causes may partially explain the situation as it exists today. The first is the strong marketing discipline preoccupation with managing in mature markets. It should be clearly noted, of course, that most product markets are mature. The largest revenue streams and profit lie in maturity. Consequently, most current marketing texts are, a t least implicitly, primarily focused on issues centered in the environment of maturity and the strategies of market leaders and challengers. Zuckerberg is characterised as craft entrepreneur who applied two main drivers of innovation: expansion and growth (Burns, 2001). Reasons Modern management is often more "brand" orientated than "product" or innovation orientated. In contrast to this view, Zuckerberg followed a completely different approach based on unique decision-making. With the increasingly turbulent environment and the shorter product life cycle, this focus, of necessity, will have to change. Zuckerberg is characterized as a scientific craftsman who possesses a professional nature. He applied professional knowledge and skills in business world and developed a new product interested for millions of people around the globe. Type of Personalities Zuckerberg is a leader who possesses such skills as independent thinking and decision-making. What is important is to recognize that, for a variety of reasons, innovation, which is the central value of entrepreneurial behavior as well as a key concept in marketing, is increasingly important. It is important because innovation is disruptive, the product life cycle continues to shorten, more products are in the early stage of the product life

Hydration Management in Acute Stroke Patients

Hydration Management in Acute Stroke Patients Introduction Stroke is a global public health concern with many sufferers presenting with varying levels of confusion (Oh and Seo 2007). Management of hydration in acute stroke patients is not standardised and variations in practice can be very wide between different continents. The sheer number of possible comorbidities and the relative ease with which hydration can trigger concomitant problems can lead to increasing incidence and prevalence of long-term patient care resulting from inadequate hydration management. Optimum hydration assessment and management are key clinical activities; however, inadequate hydration controls by health professionals persist (Oh and Seo 2007). Research shows that to guide fluid management to desired levels, a regular assessment of the volume status has to be made Scope This literature review is based on works that are found on Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health literature (CINAHL), Cochrane, Department of Health (DoH), National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE), National Medical Council (NMC), World Health Organisation (WHO), Wiley Interscience and CKS databases that relate to hydration in stroke patients and nursing awareness of hydration in stroke patients. There is wide literature on different aspects of stroke and many authors have studied the effects of hydration in stroke patients. This review looks at literature that discusses management of hydration and/or the impacts of variations in hydration management on acute stroke patients outcomes like method of feeding, time- compliance in taking readings or measurements, legal issues and ethical issues. Relevance to clinical practice This literature review looks at relevant studies by experts that are found on credible databases. The purposes of the expert studies are reviewed and analysed to inform better understanding of current nursing practice in hydrating acute stroke patients. Several studies on hydration highlight specific difficulties relating to the assessment and management of hydration in acute stroke patients. There are differences between the management and the assessment of hydration in different hospitals and these complicate improving awareness of managing hydration for nurses in practice. If optimum hydration is directly linked to improved outcomes in acute stroke patients, research will be required to identify and overcome barriers to effective hydration management, including the development of specific tools (and knowledge base) to facilitate interventions that promote optimum hydration in seeking improved outcomes in acute stroke patients. Methods of search and documentation n on-line literature search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, COCHRANE, DOH, NICE, NMC, WHO and CKS from 1999 to May 2009 failed to identify enough relevant articles on hydration in stroke patients. Other sources were then reviewed for available literature on medical journals including the BMJ and American Family Physician. For the on-line computer-based literature searches, the following keywords were used: stroke, fluid balance, hydration, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), dehydration, stroke outcome, cerebrovascular disorders, medical management, artificial nutrition and hydration, dysphagia, dysphasia, pyrexia, acute brain infarction, enteral tube feeding, fluid and electrolyte balance, neurology, withholding treatment, pathophysiology and nurses and hydration Hydration and hydration management in acute stroke patients This literature review looks at one of the issues encountered globally in the treatment of acute stroke patients optimum hydration. It takes a particular look at the nursing awareness, measurement, assessment, methods of intervention and the legal issues associated with hydration in acute stroke patients. Stroke is a debilitating condition and can be caused by an ischaemic event or a subarachnoid/intracerebral bleeding. Stroke patients usually present in hospital with co-morbidities (Oh and Seo 2007). Variations exist in stroke fatalities across geographical regions even within the same continent. Studies by Bhalla et al (2003) across four European centres (London, Dijon, Erlangen and Warsaw) have shown significant variation (after adjusting for case mix) in stroke case fatality, in incontinence, dysphasia, dysphagia, conscious level, pyrexia, hyperglycaemia and comorbidity. There were also significant intervention differences between centres in intravenous fluid use, enteral feedin g, initiation of new antihypertensive therapy and insulin therapy, with the London centre having the lowest uptake of interventions. In another European BIOMED Programme, significant variations in case fatality for stroke between European centres (after adjustment for stroke severity) were observed, with the United Kingdom (UK) centres having the highest case fatality and the lowest levels of independence (Wolfe et al., 1999). There were lower intervention rates in the UK centre to correct abnormal physiological parameters in the acute phase which may reflect a difference in philosophy of acute medical supportive care compared with other European countries (Wolfe et al., 2001). Awareness of optimal hydration balance and assessment of the patients hydration condition (in the care of acute stroke patients) is a fundamental part of critical care nursing and optimising the hemodynamic situation can be seen as a team-effort. One of the important factors determining quality of the circula tion is the amount of circulating blood (Hoff et al 2008). Following a stroke, patients may have swallowing impairment and other changes of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract that could affect nutritional and hydration status and that lead to aspiration pneumonia (Schaller et al 2006). Such changes affect the ability of the acute stroke patient to lead a normal nutritional life. Although the Schaller et al (2006) work did not show a direct link between hydration and other comorbidities, they agree that impaired hydrational status is associated with reduced functional improvement, increased complication rates, and prolonged hospital stays. Hydration and hydration status Hydration balance is a measure of the bodys ability to manage fluids and electrolytes. In order to identify the urgency of interventions, nursing staff should characterize an individuals fluid and electrolyte imbalance as mild, moderate, or severe based on pertinent information including lab tests and other relevant criteria. It is important to recognize that the main electrolyte in extracellular fluid (ECF) is sodium and that of intracellular fluid (ICF) is potassium (Edwards, 2001). Toto (1998) pointed out that large increases or decreases in fluid volume can cause infarct, coma and confusion. This knowledge becomes significant in maintaining cerebral blood flow and in preventing secondary brain insult after an acute stroke. In a complication, respiratory or metabolic acidosis will promote the movement of potassium from the ICF and give rise to high serum potassium levels, which may affect cardiac function (Edwards, 2001). This phenomenon can be seen in many traumatic insults to th e brain. A basic knowledge of this physiology in addition to the homeostatic mechanisms for fluid and electrolyte balance is a vital foundation for nursing practice, and essential to the nurses role in hydration management. Cook et al (2005) highlighted the significance of fluids and hydration in the neuroscience patient and in Cook et al (2004) they highlighted that an understanding of the physiological mechanisms that surround stroke is important for nurses to monitor and treat such patients. Kelly et al (2004) in their study of dehydration and venous thromboembolism (VTE) after acute stroke believed dehydration after acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) is strongly independently associated with VTE, reinforcing the importance of maintaining adequate hydration in these patients. Their study of hydration over a 9-day period showed indication that dehydration was largely hospital acquired and that the association was causal. Although the possibility that VTE was already present at entry to hospital cannot be discounted, tests have shown that VTE is rarely present before the second day post stroke, and then it becomes increasingly prevalent over the next few days. This could be for one of many reasons including poor communication between patient and hospital staff, change of environment for the patient and the physiological impacts of stroke Hydration balance and nutritional/electrolyte balance The differences in how hydration is assessed in different hospitals have been subject of study for some time. The significance of fluid electrolyte homeostasis becomes very relevant in trauma and shock situations such as subarachnoid haemorrhage where an inflammatory response is triggered which causes a significant change in capillary membrane permeability in a short period of time. In such situations, water, electrolytes and albumin move into the interstitial space to permit the site of injury to receive the required factors (third space shift) (Edwards, 2001). A number of physiological mechanisms are required to maintain homeostasis of hydration status, all of which inform proactive nursing assessment, intervention and evaluation. Those with trauma to the nervous system are vulnerable to disruption to the homeostasis of fluid and electrolyte balance (Cook 2005). Older adults may have a poorer capacity to adapt to shifts in acute fluid balance, leading to the possibility of cardiac and renal functions being impaired and, as a result, a lower glomerular filtration rate (Sheppard, 2001). Managing the fluid balance of the stroke patient by intake and output measures needs to be exercised cautiously because even though the patients fluid volume may not have changed, his/her circulatory volume may be significantly lower in instances of major trauma (Edwards, 2001) Good hydration has been shown to reduce the risk of urolithiasis (category Ib evidence) (see Appendix 2), constipation, exercise asthma, hypertonic dehydration in the infant, and hyperglycemia in diabetic ketoacidosis (all category IIb evidence), and is associated with a reduction in urinary tract infections (UTIs), hypertension, fatal coronary heart disease, venous thromboembolism, and cerebral infarct Complications of measurement/control Naso-gastric v PEG, enteral v parentera Patient history taking on presenting in the hospital differs from hospital to hospital. History taking should include assessment of fluid intake and loss, baseline hydrational status, skin turgor, heart rate, blood pressure and urinary output. Normal fluid intake for the average adult is approximately 2-2.5 litres, obtained from food, fluids or metabolic by-products (Edwards, 2001). Methods of measurement are not standardised across hospital settings with Wise et al (2000) showing that faecal fluid losses are often neglected in daily fluid balance charts with the possibility of inaccurate hydration assessment. Fluid assessment must include estimating, as accurately as possible, the quantity of fluid taken in. It must take into consideration the entire processes by which water, potassium and sodium are obtained. Measurements are often mainly focused on the extremes of hydration (optimal hydration and extreme dehydration) and this should not be the case. Assessment of hydrational statu s and need is continuous and begins somewhere along a continuum of severe hypovolaemia/ dehydration to severe hypervolaemia/ overhydration. In looking at dehydration, not only extreme dehydration should be noted. Manz and Wentz (2005) highlight that there is increasing evidence mild dehydration may also account for many morbidities and play a role in various other morbidities. The way in which stroke is managed acutely, such as measures maintaining physiological homeostasis may also vary between different populations (Bhalla et al 2003). The physiological indicators of acute deficits in fluid balance may be masked in individuals where compensatory mechanisms are intact. A history of acute events, mainly from baseline documentation and history taking, may enable better identification of such imbalances (Sheppard, 2001). Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is brought about by the interaction between the renal, pulmonary, neuroendocrine, integumentary and gastrointestinal systems (Edward s, 2001). According to (Cook 2005), fluid and electrolyte management is a fundamental aspect of the role of the neuroscience nurse. Artificial feeding and fluids are the options for a patient who has an advanced, life-threatening illness and is dying. The patient, family members and doctor can talk about these options and the benefits and risks (Ackermann 2000). Hydration and electrolyte status are crucial mediators to the extent of the neuro-hormonal response to trauma. Edwards (1998, 2001) highlighted that homeostasis is maintained by a constant movement of water, sodium and potassium between intra- and extracellular compartments. While the movement of water and electrolytes between the cellular compartments is highly significant, it is important to recognize that in acute and chronic illness intracellular fluid (ICF) is reduced and extracellular fluid (ECF) increased almost to the extreme (Edwards, 2001). This is highly relevant for cerebral metabolism, because transport of oxyge n, glucose, proteins and other products for cellular metabolism—and their by-products—may be severely impaired. Stroke may affect ones level of alertness, perception of thirst, ability to access liquids, and ability to swallow them when offered. Stroke victims with such impairments may be at increased risk for diuretic-induced dehydration (Churchill et al 2004). Managing hydration balance is of crucial importance and the mechanisms for the adequate monitoring and controls need to be in place. Nursing management questions in the assessment of hydration in acute stroke patients should include whether use of intravenous fluids during the first week of stroke was recorded. Questions should also include whether the patient was fed orally, by nasogastric tube, through percutaneous gastrostomy tube, by intravenous methods or not at all? The fact that these questions can be raised enforces the need for adequate documentation and recording of acute stroke patient records. Bhall a et al (2002) says that the use of artificial ventilatory support with intubation or nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation should be documented as well as the use of supplemental oxygen given through nasal catheters or masks. Enteral tube feeding is a vital means of feeding and balancing hydration levels in patients with stroke. There are no set standards for hospitals in the UK and hospitals have recorded much variation between them in the timing of the start of enteral tube feeding and whether a nasogastric or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube is used (Ebrahim and Redfern 1999). Some clinicians delay tube feeding for 2 weeks or more, and although early nutrition is unlikely to be harmful, whether any nutritional benefits offset the difficulties and complications of initiating and maintaining early enteral tube feeding is unclear. If the timing or route of enteral tube feeding does affect outcome, the present variation in practice means that large numbers o f patients are being denied best treatment. Whether enteral tube feeding via PEG rather than nastrogastric tube or early initiation of enteral tube feeding improve outcomes was tested in the FOOD trials and no evidence of significant benefit from PEG rather than nasogastric tube feeding was found. Neither was any hazard from early tube feeding found (The FOOD collaboration 2003). The explanation for any difference between PEG and nasogastric groups is not clear, but one factor might be the effect of a long-term PEG tube on dependency since more patients in the PEG group were still receiving such tube feeding than in the nasogastric group at follow-up (The FOOD collaboration 2003). The survivors in the PEG group were also more likely to be living in institutions and had lower quality of life. Another intriguing finding was the excess of pressure sores in the PEG group, raising the possibility that those with such tubes might move less or be nursed differently. Weaknesses in this test results include insufficient statistical power to exclude more modest differences between groups; no information about the proportion of eligible patients enrolled in each centre; our use of an informal (although reliable and highly predictive) assessment of nutritional status; absence of precise monitoring of patients daily intake of nutrients (rather than fluids); absence of on-site source data verification or collection of information on changing nutritional status (e.g. in-hospital weights); possible bias due to masking of secondary outcome measures. Although compliance was not 100%, this fact results from the inevitable difficulties of adhering to rigid schedules when patients conditions change. Difficulties with nasogastric feeding in stroke patients (who are often confused and uncooperative) have led to increasing use of PEG tubes at an early stage. Enthusiasm for this method has been encouraged by the results of a trial that reported much lower case fatality rates in patien ts fed via PEG (13%) rather than nasogastric tube (57%) (The FOOD trial collaboration 2003). Due to significant alterations in fluid balance after enteral tube-feeding in patients, close attention to the recording of fluid balance such as intake/output measurements, body weights and simple bedside assessments is needed to detect fluid imbalances and other serious complications at an early stage (Oh and Seo 2007). One explanation for the varying and inconsistent readings in fluid hydration between enteral and PEG might b Stroke patients and the impacts of stroke on life Difficulty with swallowing is a common problem in acute stroke patients, and can lead to aspiration pneumonia, dehydration, and exacerbation of any existing malnutrition (Finestone and Greene-Finestone 2003). In Oh and Seo (2007) the authors set out to examine the fluid and electrolyte complications after enteral tube feeding in acute brain infarction patients. The background is that inconsistencies in the results of the water and electrolyte complications associated with enteral tube feeding are partly because of uncontrolled disease-related variables. The implication is that these variables were not adequately managed. Stroke patients very often present with dysphagia and this is very commonly dehydration associated with undernutrition (The Food Trial 2005). Up to half of stroke patients in hospital have dysphagia, which precludes safe oral nutrition for the first few days and can persist for long periods (Mann et al 1999). Although a 50% prevalence can be considered to be high, th e nutritional/fluid status of a stroke patient can rapidly deteriorate in hospital. The difficulty in feeding stroke patients with dysphagia coupled with the discomfort associated with stroke can exacerbate undernutrition and/or dehydration. Studies show that undernutrition shortly after admission is independently associated with increased case fatality and poor functional status at 6 months (The FOOD trial collaboration 2003). The current financial burden of efficiency savings and reduced budgets in the NHS hospitals results in reduced staff numbers so that patients can not be attended to on a one-on-one basis so that ensuring appropriate hydration levels is done by periodic but regular monitoring of charts. An option for the future in this area may be to involve the patients family members in hydration monitoring and provide them with appropriate training if evidence can show that being around loved ones improves outcomes and early warnings. In acute stroke, artificial nutrition t hrough an enteral route is needed because of dysphagia and since oral feeding is unsafe in some dysphagic patients, enteral nutrition is often administered as nasogastric or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube feeding (Finestone and Greene-Finestone 2003). Naso-gastric tube feeding (a prevalent enteral method) has been reported to improve clinical outcomes more than the parenteral route in brain-injured patients (Rhoney et al 2002). Oh and Seo (2007) in their study used 85 subjects, but their work was limited by the fact that it was performed retrospectively and some of the subjects records were incomplete. Also, because the patients in the study were from one hospital it is not conclusively known whether the results can be generalised to the whole population./p> Legal and other aspects Japanese physicians attitudes towards artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) as a life-sustaining treatment (LST) were examined to find out if they withhold or withdraw the LST when treating older adults with stroke-caused profound impairment with no hope for recovery. The study findings show that the informants held different views towards LST because most doctors considered ANH to be indispensable and ANH is automatically provided to patients (Aita and Kai 2006). With the advancement of medical technology, decisions to withhold or withdraw LST are among the most difficult to make for health professionals (British Medical Association 2001). Physicians caring for stroke patients often encounter comatose or semi-comatose patients with severe stroke for whom it is difficult to determine whether or not to continue care (Asplund and Britton, 1989). By administering LST, some patients in this patients group, whose bodily functions other than brain function could remain stable, could pot entially survive for months or years without achieving awareness or being able to interact with others (Aita et al 2008). Certain Japanese physicians have criticized the current efforts regarding life prolonging as Aita et al (2008) states: Prolonging the process of dying like this constitutes the violation of dignity and human rights. The life-prolongation only serves hospital operators who want to make profits by keeping hospital beds occupied. They also said this practice impacted the carers and that some nurses also feel emptiness toward the manipulative life-prolongation when taking care of these elderly patients. In the West, some countries have worked out nation-wide guidelines related to withholding or withdrawing LST that say stroke-caused profound impairment with no hope for recovery is a potential reason to withhold or withdraw LST (British Medical Association, 2001). Ackermann (2000) believes withholding and withdrawing therapy challenge family physicians to be excellent communicators with patients and families and recommends that family physicians should continue to be strong advocates for dying patients. Sprung et al (2003) highlighted differences between withholding and withdrawing therapy showing that withdrawal of therapy is followed by a nearer and more rapid death than withholding therapy, and that physicians and nurses were more inclined towards withholding rather than withdrawing therapy. Food and water are considered symbols of caring (Ackermann, 2000), therefore, it may be natural for physicians to give a special status to ANH as food and water. Whether to withdraw ANH from a patient in persistent vegetative state has also drawn substantial media attention in the U.S. (Casarett et al., 2005; Ganzini, 2006). The findings of the study also suggest that the physicians double standard is partly based on their subjective judgment whether the treatment is ordinary or extraordinary. However, the standard of ordinary/extraordinary care has long been criticized as too vague to guide decision-makers in the U.S. (Beauchamp and Childress, 2001). It is believed the current legal framework has also inappropriately led some physicians to simply continue care regardless of the patients conditions, thus resulting in putting an unnecessary burden on patients. The physicians subjective interpretation of the current legal framework may lead to decisions not to initiate mechanical ventilation in some older adults for fear of facing a situation in which physicians cannot withdraw it at a later stage Conclusion Hypovolemia and hypervolemia occurred frequently after acute stroke but were often not recognized as such by nurses. The nurses predictions of current volume status do not seem sufficiently reliable to serve as a basis for therapeutic decisions. More advanced techniques for bedside assessment of volume status may be indicated for optimizing volume status in patients with acute stroke (Hoff et al 2004). Whereas studies have looked at the optimal method of improving hydration, whether correcting dehydration in stroke improves outcome is not very clear. Given the complexity of the cell death cascade following brain ischemia, novel approaches and combination therapy are inevitable for victims of stroke (Fisher and Brott 2003). The review indicates that standards vary from country to country in the legal framework for withdrawing and withholding hydration and nutrition during end stage care.